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They are the forgotten persons of history who are not part of feminist discourse, using the body, lust, and femininity to embark on a revolutionary road different from orthodox feminism.

They are the best interpreters of art, culture and fashion, with liberation, escape, and conflict, staying close to the pulse of society and speaking for themselves in the century-old history of fashion.

When feminism surged and resisted traditional patriarchy, girls had already turned around and entered the public life where society and culture blend. This is a century-old history of girls starting a gender revolution, and it is also the first time in history that girls have become the real protagonists in promoting the gender revolution.

In the 1920s, modern women appeared, announcing the birth of the first wave of girl revolution. From Zelda Fitzgerald to Clara Bow, from New York to Paris, from country dances to urban parties, girls smoked, drank, danced and flirted in the roaring 20s, regaining the male-dominated urban space and art scene.

Girls in the 1960s ignited the sexual revolution. Helen Gurley Brown, the legendary editor of Cosmopolitan, led the second wave of teenage girl revolution with her book Sex and the Single Girl. Audrey Hepburn in "Breakfast at Tiffany's", supermodel Jean Shrimpton from swinging London, and fans of The Beatles joined hands with Helen Gurley Brown, together setting off an earth-shaking sexual revolution.

Girl power exploded in the 1990s. Punk music became the ancestor of girl power, and opened the prelude to the third wave of girl revolution; the Spice Girls continued this in the late 1990s and became a popular representative of girl power. Why did girls in the 1990s overthrow the myth of victims of the previous wave of feminism and become the bad daughters of feminism?

From modern women to the sexual revolution, from the sexual revolution to girl power, let's see how the evolution of girls over the past century has been closely combined with the three waves of feminism, setting off a fashion and cultural revolution in the 20th century.

Shih is a candidate for a Ph.D. in English at the Graduate Center.

A wide-ranging history of the algorithm.

Bringing together the histories of mathematics, computer science, and linguistic thought, Language and the Rise of the Algorithm reveals how recent developments in artificial intelligence are reopening an issue that troubled mathematicians well before the computer age: How do you draw the line between computational rules and the complexities of making systems comprehensible to people? By attending to this question, we come to see that the modern idea of the algorithm is implicated in a long history of attempts to maintain a disciplinary boundary separating technical knowledge from the languages people speak day to day.
 
Here Jeffrey M. Binder offers a compelling tour of four visions of universal computation that addressed this issue in very different ways: G. W. Leibniz’s calculus ratiocinator; a universal algebra scheme Nicolas de Condorcet designed during the French Revolution; George Boole’s nineteenth-century logic system; and the early programming language ALGOL, short for algorithmic language. These episodes show that symbolic computation has repeatedly become entangled in debates about the nature of communication. Machine learning, in its increasing dependence on words, erodes the line between technical and everyday language, revealing the urgent stakes underlying this boundary.
 
The idea of the algorithm is a levee holding back the social complexity of language, and it is about to break. This book is about the flood that inspired its construction.

Binder received a Ph.D. in English from the Graduate Center in 2018.

This book provides a succinct but sophisticated understanding of humanitarianism and insight into the on-going dilemmas and tensions that have accompanied it since its origins in the early nineteenth century. An accessible and engaging work by two of the leading scholars in the field, Humanitarianism Contested is essential reading for all those concerned with the future of human rights and international relations.